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〕 It came to be applied to all the Gaels. It is not believed that any Gaelic groups called themselves ''Scoti'' in ancient times, except when writing in Latin.〔 Oman derives it from ''Scuit'', proposing a meaning of 'a man cut off', suggesting that a ''Scuit'' was not a Gael as such but one of a renagade band settled in the part of Ulster which became the kingdom of Dál Riata 〔Sir Charles Oman: A History of England before the Norman Conquest〕 but 'Scuit' only exists in Old Irish as 'buffoon/laughing-stock'〔()〕 The 19th century author Aonghas MacCoinnich of Glasgow proposed that ''Scoti'' was derived from a Gaelic ethnonym (proposed by MacCoinnich) ''Sgaothaich'' from ''sgaoth'' "swarm", plus the derivational suffix ''-ach'' (plural ''-aich'')〔MacCoinnich, Aonghas Eachdraidh na h-Alba (Glasgow 1867)〕 However, this proposal to date has not appeared in mainstream place-name studies. The Late Latin word ''Scotia'' (''land of the Scot(t)i''), although initially used to refer to Ireland, by the 11th century at the latest was being used to refer to (Gaelic-speaking) Scotland north of the river Forth. Some of the earliest surviving documents to mention the word ''Scotland'' include versions of the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' from Abingdon, Worcester and Laud, written during the 11th Century, which state that prior to the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066, Earl Tostig had sought refuge in ''Scotland'' under the protection of Malcolm III, King of Scots.〔(Swanton, M. (2000) ''The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles''. London. Phoenix Press. ) Quoted by bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 14 October 2007.〕〔("The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles" ) Source: Garmonsway, G.N. (1994) ''The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle''. Everyman. Retrieved 14 October 2007.〕 'Scotland' was employed alongside ''Albania'' or ''Albany'', from the Gaelic ''Alba''. The use of the words ''Scots'' and ''Scotland'' to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common only in the Late Middle Ages.〔Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) ''Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland''. London. HarperCollins.〕 In a modern political context, the word Scot is applied equally to all inhabitants of Scotland, regardless of their ancestral ethnicity. However, a 2006 study published by the University of Edinburgh suggest that segments of Scottish society continue to distinguish between those who claim to be Scots on ethnic grounds and those who claim to be Scots on the grounds of civic commitment.〔(Institute of Governance Identity Briefing "Who is Scottish? Political arguments, popular understandings and the implications for social inclusion. Briefing No. 14. January 2006" Retrieved 14 Oct 2007 )〕 "Scots" is also used to refer to the Scots language, which a large proportion of the Scottish population speak to a greater or lesser degree.〔(" Initial Periodical report presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in Accordance with Article 15 of the Charter" ) (pdf) European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. (01/07/2002). Part 1, Section 3 states "However, surveys have indicated that 30% of respondents said they could speak Scots; a large proportion of the Scottish population speak Scots to a greater or lesser degree. Scots is on a linguistic continuum with English. Many Scots literally switch between English and Scots in mid-sentence by using Scots words and Scottish grammar". Retrieved on 26 September 2007.〕 The Scots- and Irish-Gaelic name for Scotland, Alba, derives from the same Celtic root as the name Albion, which properly designates the entire island of Great Britain but, by implication as used by foreigners, sometimes the country of England, Scotland's southern neighbour which covers the largest portion of the island of Britain. The term arguably derives from an early Indo-European word meaning 'white', generally held to refer to the cliffs of white chalk around the English town of Dover, ironically located at the furthest end of Great Britain from Scotland itself. Others take it to come from the same root as "the Alps", possibly being an ancient word for mountain and therefore related to the north end of Britain. Caledonia is an old Latin name for Scotland, deriving from the Caledonii tribe. It is unknown what name the Caledonians used of themselves, though it was possibly based on a Brythonic word for "hard "or "tough" (represented by the modern (language|Welsh )] ''caled''). ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Etymology of Scotland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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